{"id":3074,"date":"2021-09-24T07:59:20","date_gmt":"2021-09-24T07:59:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/healthnewscentral.com\/?p=3074"},"modified":"2021-09-24T07:59:20","modified_gmt":"2021-09-24T07:59:20","slug":"the-importance-of-urban-design-and-housing-on-peoples-overall-well-being","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/healthnewscentral.com\/the-importance-of-urban-design-and-housing-on-peoples-overall-well-being\/","title":{"rendered":"The Importance Of Urban Design And Housing On People\u2019s Overall Well-Being"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Yu<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

People may not realize this, but living spaces and health are inter-related. That\u2019s because housing and urban design can actually have an either positive or negative effect on your life.<\/p>\n

In United Nations\u2019 Universal Declaration of Human Rights<\/a>, Article 25 clearly states, \u201cEveryone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family.\u201d<\/strong><\/em> And what this includes is the right to have food, clothing, shelter, medical care, security and social services, even during circumstances that are beyond their control.<\/p>\n

What researchers have found is that having acceptable housing has major links to one\u2019s mental and physical well-being.<\/p>\n

The Housing and Health Guidelines<\/a> as listed in the Executive Summary of the World Health Organization (WHO) explain that when houses are poorly designed, they can lead to an increased risk of fall, trips, isolation, injury, and stress for the elderly or for those living with disabilities.<\/p>\n

Moreover, unaffordable housing and feelings of insecurity about one\u2019s housing can also aggravate feelings of stress. When homes are too cold or too hot, these conditions can intensify chances of indoor air pollution, which can even cause cardiometabolic<\/a> or respiratory issues. Meanwhile, homes that are overcrowded or have a weak water supply can also escalate the spread of infectious diseases.<\/p>\n

Director of the Urban Design Group<\/a> in London, Robert Huxford, told publication Medical News Today<\/em> (MNT) that there has been a longstanding relationship between people\u2019s health and housing or urban design.<\/p>\n

He explained, \u201cIt\u2019s often forgotten that the links between housing and urban design and health go back hundreds of years, such as the 19th-century public health movement, including the Health of Towns Association of the 1840s, or the Model Byelaws issued in the 1870s, that governed urban development in England for the next 50 years.\u201d<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

He added, \u201cThey focused on lighting, ventilation, overcrowding, damp, and sanitation. They specified the minimum width of streets, minimum spaces around buildings, and that habited rooms should have a window at least one-tenth of the floor area. Over 100 years on, developers are bringing forward proposals for windowless flats.\u201d<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Huxford also believes that the COVID-19 has exacerbated these historical concerns regarding housing and infectious diseases to the forefront once more.<\/p>\n

He explained, \u201cIn the 19th<\/sup> century, the main causes of death were infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis<\/a>, cholera<\/a>, and typhoid<\/a>.\u201d<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cThe public health works of the 19th and 20th-century saw infectious disease brought under control, further aided by advances in medical science. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has shown that we remain vulnerable to infectious disease; and the prospect of drug-resistant diseases is a grave international concern,\u201d said Huxford.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt is of the utmost importance that housing and urban design provides resilience to infectious disease risk,\u201d he added.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Researchers found another article<\/a> published in the PLOS ONE<\/em> journal that shares the same opinion where poor quality housing and COVID-19 infections and mortality are linked in a county within the United States.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Developments That Are Car-Dependent<\/strong><\/p>\n

Also speaking with MNT<\/em>, Chair of Urban Design Group and Director of Tibbalds Planning and Urban Design<\/a>, Katja Stille, bigger urban design choices may have a direct negative effect on one\u2019s health.<\/p>\n

Stille explained, \u201cthe main urban factors that negatively affect a person\u2019s mental and physical health are air pollution from road traffic as well as noise pollution.\u201d<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

She added, \u201cLiving in a car-dependent development will impact negatively on people\u2019s ability to exercise and encourage a sedentary lifestyle that easily leads to obesity, heart disease, and diabetes. The opportunity to be physically active throughout one\u2019s day-to-day life, such as active transport \u2014 walking and cycling \u2014 is important to avoid obesity.\u201d<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Meanwhile, author or Velotopia: The Production of Cyclespace in Our Minds and Our Cities<\/a>, Dr. Steven Fleming, focuses on the problems of \u2018car-centric urban design.\u2019<\/p>\n

Dr. Fleming told MNT<\/em>\u00a0that a \u201chouse with a garage is designed to send you on your way driving, for a day of no exercise whatsoever. An apartment block is only slightly better because the day of walking it was designed to set in motion \u2014 with its lift or stairs leading onto the street \u2014 will have negligible metabolic equivalent of task (MET) minutes. If you [already have overweight], you\u2019ll be looking for a taxi or bus because walking is painful for [people with obesity].\u201d<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

As explained by the NIH<\/a>, MET is measured by \u201cthe amount of oxygen consumed with sitting at rest.\u201d<\/p>\n

Dr. Fleming also shared, \u201cIn my book\u00a0Velotopia, I detailed, in drawings and architectural jargon, apartment-style housing that would set you on your way on your bike. You would leave your tenth story apartment, and rather than waiting for a slow lift, just ride past all the other apartments arranged around a sloping, typically spiraling, corridor or what we call an \u2018access gallery\u2019 or sometimes an \u2018aerial street.\u2019\u201d<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cThat would be the start of a day with far more MET-minutes than the one you started on foot, and that wouldn\u2019t be painful if you [have obesity],\u201d he added.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Huxford also had something to add about the problem with urban and housing designs that are incredibly motor vehicle dependent. He said, \u201cThe impact of motor vehicles is significant, brining noise, high intensity street lighting, air pollution, and the risk of injury from collisions into urban areas.\u201d<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Housing and Urban Design Issues and Mental Health<\/strong><\/p>\n

Another issue at hand is the way housing and urban design problems can negatively affect one\u2019s mental health.<\/p>\n

Director for the Centre for Urban Design and Mental Health<\/a>, Dr. Layla McCay, told MNT<\/em>, \u201chomelessness and housing insecurity are a key risk factor for mental health problems.\u201d<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

She went on to explain, \u201cFor those who do have a home, the affordability of the home is key, as economic concerns have links to mental health problems; so too is the quality of the housing, including dampness, noise, pests, and overcrowding.\u201d<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cLocation of the housing is also important, including neighborhood quality and safety, access to key facilities, including education, jobs, and healthcare. And any aspect of the housing that stigmatizes its residents can also negatively affect residents\u2019 mental health.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

She continued, \u201cHousing that is available, safe, adequate, affordable, and comfortable, and that offers its residents a degree of privacy, while also facilitating multi-generational living where desired, can benefit people\u2019s mental health.\u201d<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cHousing has the opportunity to further support people\u2019s mental health by facilitating residents to develop positive relationships with their neighbors, and to foster feelings of inclusion and belongingness,\u201d she added.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

 <\/p>\n

Security of Housing and Homelessness<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dr. McCay also focuses on the security of housing as an important factor, as it can affect someone\u2019s mental state if they either own their home or they can\u2019t keep up with their mortgage payments. Other factors such as long-term rental contract, or if they happen to be facing possible eviction without notice, are also things that can affect their well-being the same way that the home\u2019s physical conditions can.<\/p>\n

An expert on the intersection of homelessness and mental or substance use disorders, Prof. Deborah K. Padgett of Silver School of Social Work<\/a> in New York, told MNT<\/em> that the topic of insecure housing is quite complex, there are also some major root causes as to why.<\/p>\n

She shared, \u201cGlobal housing instability is due to severe poverty and lack of institutional support for \u2018public\u2019 or \u2018social\u2019 housing that is affordable.\u201d<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cThe United Nations-endorsed concept of \u2018housing is a right\u2019 is, in my opinion, the most contested and least attractive of human rights supposedly guaranteed by governments. This is in part because demand so overwhelms supply as world population growth soars,\u201d she explained.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u201cBut the last decades (since the Reagan administration here in the U.S.) have seen heavy privatization of housing development, and this naturally excludes the poor. In countries like India, the millions living in slums are not considered \u2018homeless,\u2019 but this obscures the deplorable living conditions they endure.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

She also shared, \u201cFrom a personal level, day-to-day survival is a struggle to procure food, clean water, sanitary facilities, etc. \u2013 whether living in a slum, a shantytown, or on a park bench,\u201d<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Prof. Padgett also believes that one of the biggest factors that causes distress between housing and mental health is actually homelessness. Moreover, many tend to think that mental health issues leads to homelessness, but it\u2019s really not that simple. She explains this in the BJPsych Bulletin<\/a> journal.<\/p>\n

She went on to tell MNT that \u201chomelessness and mental health have a bi-directional relationship, but it\u2019s also complicated. While serious mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia, account for a minority of homeless persons, these individuals are more likely to be chronically homeless and have needs that create more costs for the system \u2014 hospitals, jails, shelters, and so on.\u201d<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cThey are also more likely to be visible in public and thus skew public perceptions away from the fact that most homeless people are families with small children, youth, \u2018new\u2019 homeless (older Baby Boomers), and others.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

She continued, \u201cSadly, the hyper-focus on serious mental illness diverts attention from the trauma caused by being homeless, and this remains under-studied \u2014 in part because it is often trauma compounded by childhood adversity and traumatic events earlier in life.\u201d<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Issues With Urban and Housing Design and Wealth Inequality<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dr. McCay also points out that another problem with poor health and urban and housing design is the issue of wealth inequality.<\/p>\n

Dr. McCay stated, \u201cHousing is inextricably linked to mental health and well-being, but access to housing and the quality of that housing varies according to a wide range of factors, particularly wealth.\u201d<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

She continued by saying, \u201cInequalities in people\u2019s access to safe, affordable, good-quality housing can lead to inequalities in their mental health and well-being. People\u2019s mental health can also be affected by \u2018segregation by design,\u2019 for example, where people who own their homes are separated by design features from people who live in social housing, even within the same building, creating stigma and exacerbating inequality.\u201d<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, we saw evidence of housing-related inequalities where some people were able to relax and play in their gardens while others had no outside space; some had good quality local parks, and others had to travel outside their neighborhood to find safe and pleasant green space.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

As for one professor of urban design, Peter Bishop, from the Bartlett School of Architecture<\/a>, University College London, he explains that a number of different types of social deprivation, like poor housing and urban design, are also associated with negative health outcomes.<\/p>\n

Prof. Bishop told MNT<\/em>, \u201cThere is a clear correlation between physical and mental health and indices of multiple deprivation. Public Health England lists childhood experience, education, stable housing, and secure employment as the core contributing factors to health and well-being.\u201d<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Needing Long-Term Change<\/strong><\/p>\n

As for Katja Stille, governments need to play a part in tightening housing and design regulations that provide \u2018clear links between poor housing design and health issues.\u2019<\/p>\n

She said, \u201cGovernments around the world need to initially acknowledge the link between poor urban environment and housing and reduced life expectancy and higher health care bills.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cThe increasing healthcare costs need to be recognized as a consequence of poor and unsustainable development.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

She added, \u201cGovernments need to prescribe mandatory regulations that control the quality of homes, including space and light standards, noise insulation, and private outdoor space. Further\u00a0Health Impact assessments<\/a>\u00a0should be mandatory and require every new development to demonstrate how it leads to a net increase in health outcomes for the new and existing communities.\u201d<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Meanwhile, Robert Huxford also said that he believes it\u2019s crucial for urban designers to be \u201csensitive\u201d when it comes to the needs of the particular community they are working with.<\/p>\n

He explained, \u201cWe all share basic needs, but there are differences, such as the need for privacy, whether families are nuclear or extended, how strong and connected the community is, and so on. This is shown worldwide in differences in housing design, in streets, and in neighborhoods.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cBroadly, homes should be designed to reflect and support family structures, neighborhoods to reflect community structures, and districts and towns economic structures; and all the time responding to the natural environment and local climate.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u201cThe spread across the planet of a standard global corporate urbanism, driven solely by commercial interest that ignores the differences is not something that we should celebrate.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cTowns need to be sensitive to catering for different needs at different stages in life, time of day, as well as the needs of people from different cultures and ethnic backgrounds,\u201d he continued.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

What Prof. Bishop shares is that while housing and urban design are notable factors when it comes to people\u2019s health, the vital area that should truly be targeted is the underlying issue of inequality.<\/p>\n

He says, \u201cI would argue that although housing and urban design are important, they are subservient (although related) to more general issues of poverty, education, and equal access to services, particularly health. If society has inequalities within its structure, then the impacts will not be equally distributed.\u201d<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Prof. Bishop also goes to point out that governments should consider decent housing design that includes outside space for everyone. Governments should also consider ways to better air equality, lessen motor vehicle use, while improving education, invest in preventive health care, promote sustainable transportation systems and build wider open spaces with facilities for residents to use for sporting or physical activities.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

People may not realize this, but living spaces and health are inter-related. That\u2019s because housing and urban design can actually have an either positive or negative effect on your life. In United Nations\u2019 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 25 clearly states, \u201cEveryone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":3075,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"image","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[16,937,938],"yoast_head":"\nThe Importance Of Urban Design And Housing On People\u2019s Overall Well-Being<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"That\u2019s because housing and urban design can actually have an either positive or negative effect on your life.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/healthnewscentral.com\/the-importance-of-urban-design-and-housing-on-peoples-overall-well-being\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" 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